The communist manifesto of 1848 outlined the beginnings of an idea that was to change world history. Although Marx's "spectre haunting Europe" was a revolutionary spirit which is irresistible because it represents the mobilisation of the workers, the manifesto was an ideological document, not a programme for practical action. Yet the history of Communism is one of repression and brutality. This fascinating global study seeks to balance the two driving forces of theory and practice that made Communism a global phenomenon, and finally examines how the party idea degenerated into a tool for personal despotism in the twentieth century. By 1902, as the movement emerged from the 19th century disturbances such as the Paris Commune, Lenin took the lead in creating a centralised body of disciplined professionals to awaken the slumbering proletariat. Bolsheviks and Mensheviks fought for power, with an important staging point being the 1919 Third Comintern, and on Lenin's death in 1924 the dominant ideology was openly named Leninism as Joseph Stalin was designated the new Secretary of the Russian Communist Party. By 1927 Mao Zedong was calling for a different kind of revolution in China, focusing his Hunan Report on the prospect of a peasant uprising, rather than the top-down elitist revolution of Marx and Lenin. In 1943 Stalin dissolved the Comintern, opening the way for unchallenged brutality, and Mao moved towards the bonfires of the Cultural Revolution. Following Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev led a plot against his henchman Beria and emerged as a leader who ruled by humiliating his colleagues. Finally the glasnost of Gorbachev briefly opened up the party. In spite of the eastern European modifications of the 1970s, and China's attempt at legitimation in the eighties, the idea of an enlightened Communism started to decline in Russia, China, Cuba, north Korea, Vietnam and Laos. 564pp, photos.

The Egyptologist and lecturer for the British Museum and Victoria & Albert Museum Delia Pemberton has created a beautiful book on the treasures, wisdom and spirituality of Buddhism. Through carefully selected words and pictures she presents the fascinating events of his life, a summary of his teachings, the Cosmic Buddhas, paradise, the afterlife, and the future. Long popular among Western art lovers and collectors, these objects include lacquered wood figures from Japan, painted textiles from Tibet, a Buddhist Stupa in India, a limestone drum slab, gold reliquary set with garnets, huge statues, silk paintings and panels, a huge monk statue in the Prayer Hall in Rangoon, illuminated manuscripts, bronze figures from Java and stones inscribed with Buddhist mantras in Dharamsala, India. 'In the Pure Land, all material needs are met and conditions are perfect for receiving the Dharma teachings continually provided by the presiding Buddha. Those beings fortunate enough to be reborn into a Pure Land are thus guaranteed to attain Enlightenment in the future.' 47 colour illustrations, 96pp.

Designer, poet and artist as well as the author of the utopian novel 'News from Nowhere', William Morris (1834-1896) was one of the most original and inspiring socialist intellectuals of his generation. This collection, the first of his political writings to be published for nearly 50 years, reproduces essays and lectures. Morris examines the relationship between art and politics, the possibilities for a socialist society, and the crimes of empire among other subjects, and his writings demonstrate his profound commitment to 19th-century socialism. Other chapters include The Housing of the Poor, Philanthropists, Ireland and Italy: A Warning, Whigs, Democrats and Socialists, Why We Celebrate a Commune of Paris, and Correspondence on Communism and Anarchism among them. Morris was a reader of Marx and a friend of Engels and given how much the Arts and Crafts movement from which Morris emerged developed a reputation for the 'simple life', it is bracing to read Morris on what he regards as 'simplicity'. 'Well, but this demand of the extinction of asceticism bears with it another demand: for the extinction of luxury. Does that seem a paradox to you? It ought not to do so. What brings about luxury but a sickly discontent with the simple joys of the lovely earth?' 215pp, paperback.

Thomas explored why so many of the greatest thinkers were Nonconformists and the rise of the rejection of orthodox religion and the rise in literacy and role of women in spreading reading are the subjects of her book. She explores the evolution of dissenting thought and how Nonconformity shaped the transformation of England from a rural to an urban, industrialised society. The foundations for the Industrial Revolution were in place from the late Middle Ages when the early development of manufacturing processes and changes in the structure of rural communities began to provide opportunities for economic and social advancement. Successive waves of Huguenot migrants and the influence of Northern European religious ideology also played an important role in this process. The Civil Wars provided a catalyst for the dissemination of new ideas and helped shape the emergence of a new English Protestantism and divergent dissident sects. The persecution which followed strengthened the Nonconformist cause, and for the early Quakers it intensified their unity and resilience, qualities which would prove to be invaluable for business. In the years following the Restoration, Nonconformist ideas fuelled enlightened thought creating an environment for enterprise but also a desire for more radical change. Reformers seized on the plight of a working poor alienated by innovation and frustrated by false promises, the vision which was at first the spark for innovation would ignite revolution. B/w illus. 280 pages.

Widely considered to be one of his most important works, Lenin's State and Revolution was written in August and September 1917 in Finland, while hiding from Russia's Provisional Government which had put out warrants for his arrest. The charge against him was complicity in the abortive Bolshevik July coup that aimed at seizing power in Petrograd and the rest of post-Tsarist Russia. The literary style is rambling as Lenin exhorts an invisible audience, piling quotation on quotation from Marx and Engels as if the two founders of 'scientific socialism' were the ultimate authorities on every subject. The book's impulse lies in Lenin's boundless political ambition, namely his craving to acquire absolute power in Russia in order to instigate a worldwide revolution. He found support for his position in a remark made by Marx in 1871, following the episode of the Paris commune. The theory was to create a popular civic authority that in Russia's case would be the so-called 'Soviets', councils of workers, peasants and soldiers. And of course Lenin became Russia's dictator and would completely subvert the existing political system with a one-party regime that in time would pay no heed to the wishes of the population. The state would become an obedient instrument of the party, as the party would turn into an obedient instrument of itself-appointed leaders. From the years immediately preceding his death in 1924, his writings are filled with complaints about the size and procrastinations of the Soviet bureaucratic apparatus, which he was incapable of either reducing or restraining. With a new introduction by Richard Pipes, 130pp, paperback.

When cathedrals were bright with paint... colonnettes, gables, pinnacles and statues were rich in colour. Red, blue and yellow helped the viewer to identify the holy figures and to decipher the great book of stone. The largest medieval drawing in existence, measuring more than four metres in height, provides exceptional evidence for this. Dating from c.1360-65, it represents the central part of the façade of Strasbourg Cathedral. Even now the great cathedrals of the Middle Ages overwhelm by their imagination, technical daring and sheer scale. How could such structures be built when cities had only a few thousand inhabitants, and only the most primitive machinery was available? Who initiated them? Who designed them? Who paid for them? All around the world but especially in Italy and in Gaul, each Christian community was driven by a spirit of rivalry to have a more glorious church than the others. Gothic and Romanesque building sites are shown in detail in manuscript illumination. As the Medieval town grew, buildings turned from wood to stone and grew ever higher. Patrons sought master masons, intellectuals became administrators, artists and architects established their independence and rights. Discover tracings on stone such as in the sacristy of the Roslin Chapel in Scotland where construction began in 1450, remarkable drawings from workshops, organised guilds, the octagon of Ely Cathedral 1322 and how metal became an essential material. Fully documented and splendidly illustrated throughout in colour, 176pp, paperback.

The Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle had a huge influence on the development of Western philosophy. Born in northern Greece in 384BCE, his father was the physician to the King of Macedonia, and although much of his early life remains a mystery, we know that he went to Athens when he was 17 to study in Plato's Academy where he spent more than two decades under his tutelage. He left the peaceful environment of Assos after a request from King Philip II of Macedon to tutor his son Alexander, later better known as Alexander the Great. When this task came to an end, Aristotle returned to Athens and created his own institution of learning, the Lyceum, where he encouraged his students not only in philosophy but in astronomy, biology, mathematics, medicine, music and rhetoric, and it was there he gave regular lectures and wrote many treatises including Nicomachean Ethics and this book. Public speaking was a critical skill in Ancient Greece whether for politicians or ordinary citizens putting forward their case in courts of law. Aristotle set out to create a guide to help students argue persuasively and at the same time it is a comprehensive study of human emotions and character with rhetoric one of the three branches of philosophy along with logic and dialectic. Brilliantly explained and carefully reasoned, Aristotle created essential guidelines for argument and a prose style that would influence writers for more than two millennia. 252pp in new full price paperback.

Aristotle towers over Western philosophy and science and as they have come down to us, his works comprise a veritable encyclopaedia of philosophy and invented the field of formal logic, the physical and natural sciences, ethics and politics. He created a basis for a great deal of today's scientific knowledge, such as the classification of organisms and objects. Although he has been studied continuously for more than 2000 years, his individual works were dispersed, lost, recovered, and very gradually reunited. The physical transmission of the Aristotelian corpus was a long, complicated, uncoordinated process. From the Roman Empire, through the mediation of Arab and Jewish scholars, to the western Middle Ages and scholasticism and up to the cusp of modernity in the late 15th century, Aristotle's works were copied and recopied by scribes in Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, and Latin before finally becoming available again in their original Greek. The volume focuses on one crucial, extended moment when, thanks to the invention of printing, Aristotle's works became widely available in Latin, Greek, and even in vernacular languages in the late 15th and 16th centuries. At that moment, Aristotle's authority comes under increasing scrutiny as the new science and philosophy of early modern Europe chart different courses for the future. The extraordinary books and manuscripts in this volume, selected from the collection of the Martin J. Gross Foundation, demonstrate just how intellectuals have received and wrestled with Aristotle. Through commentaries, treatises, lecture courses in schools, and above all in the written marginalia of books, the volume reveals the extent of the age's engagement with Aristotle. Many of these books and manuscripts have never before been studied and many colour images show them in their magnificence. Colour plates, 20.96 x 28.58cm, 128 pages.

Thousands left their homelands in the Middle Ages to fight wars abroad. But how did the Crusades actually happen? From recruitment propaganda to raising money, ships to siege engines, medicine to the power of prayer, this vivid, surprising history shows holy war - and medieval society - in a lively and compelling account of how the crusades really worked, and a revolutionary attempt to rethink how we understand the Middle Ages. The story of the wars and conquests move quickly from describing the Pope's calls to arms to the battlefield. Tyerman focuses on the all-encompassing and hugely costly business of actually preparing a crusade. The efforts of many thousands of men and women, who left their lands and families in Western Europe, and marched off to a highly uncertain future in the Holy Land and elsewhere have never been sufficiently understood. Fascinating on diplomacy, communications, propaganda, the use of mass media, medical care, equipment, voyages, money, weapons, credit, wills, ransoms, animals, and the power of prayer. Superbly detailed with names, dates, battles etc. Colour plates and other illus and maps. 400 page paperback.

A lavish heavyweight Dorling Kindersley visually impactful publication about the earliest signs of feminine worship in the Indian subcontinent and early goddesses seen in the Indus Valley civilisation. Archaeological excavations have yielded hundreds of enigmatic female figurines which have been widely interpreted as having religious relevance. They have elaborate headdresses, prominent eyes and thick lips. The breasts are separately moulded and attached to the body, and the navel is deep. They show complex arrangements of hair and flowers and rarely nude; clothing includes short skirts, belts and necklaces and bangles often in semi-precious stones. The volume offers a different perspective from votive offerings and cult figures from Mohenjo-Daro 2700-2100 BCE which is about 90" in height and the black residue suggests that these sculptures may have been used to burn oil or some sort of incense and of religious significance. She is benevolent and nurturing, fierce and terrible, a warrior and a lover. She creates and gives life, is death personified, and the one who grants eternal salvation. She is the ultimate form of reality, the cosmos. The Goddess inspires deep devotion and has been worshipped and revered across homes in India. Shakti delves deep into her fascinating mythology and rituals and unravel the philosophy and adaptation within many belief systems. From the origins of the Goddess in the ancient civilisation of Harappa to her evolution and changed character in contemporary times, the narrative brings together the diverse threads from different cultures, regions and traditions. Stunningly beautiful colour photography throughout, many full page including the famous image by the Indian artist Raja Ravi Varma's rendition of Kali with his blue skin trampling on Shiva to invoke fear. 392pp, 24.2 x 28.4cm.
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